Marketing of Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing of Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company - Essay Example When you go to a hotel, the hotel tries to emulate this feeling by trying to make your stay convenient and comfortable. In more common occasions, the hotel falls short of this and the guest would need to frequently or occasionally call for room service just to be able to make the hotel more comfortable. Therefore, with their personalize system, you don't really need to call room service anymore because it is already automatically provided for and it gives the hotel the opportunity to call and inform the guest for point of interest that they might enjoy. Rewarding loyal customers. - Through constant visits in the hotel, more data would eventually be gathered for the guest. Therefore, making it possible to give even more precise and better service to its guests. Food preference - knowing the food preference not only makes it convenient for customers to give the company decisions for their own food, especially convenient for people who would stay for a considerable amount of time and make a routine service for food. It is like having a personal cook which knows what you want to eat without telling them. Also, it helps the company prepare the food before hand, thus cutting preparation time. No need to call for room service - Since the hotel would know what each client would like, there would virtually be less need for clients to call room service.

Organ Donation Essay Example for Free

Organ Donation Essay 1. The purpose of this essay was to support my claim that organ donation has a lot of positive results. My plan with this essay to get the reader to be more informed of the process and list some statistics associated with it. I hope that the reader, if they were not fully aware of the topic, to do more research for themselves. 2. From this assignment, I learned how to gather data to support my arguments. I already felt strongly about this subject before writing on it. Though, I learned more about the underground black markets associated with organ harvesting. 3. The only difficulties I had were trying to make everything flow in the body of my paragraphs. Also, how to incorporate the down side of the issue. The editing part wasn’t too hard for me. 4. I enjoyed writing on a topic that I fully support as an individual. I also enjoyed reading articles related to the topic on how a life was dramatically improved or saved. I in addition, learned to better support my claims. 5. I decided to write on this topic due to the fact that I am signed up to be an organ donor myself. I am not currently discussing this topic in another course. I was not fully aware of the topic until I fully researched it before deciding to become one. 6. There is not anything else I would like for you to know. Should More Attention Be Given To Organ Donation? When it comes to organ donation, it is a very touchy subject for a lot of people. The majority of them are hesitant about registering to become an organ donor because they are usually ill informed about the process. Besides helping to save or drastically improve someone’s life, you can also give some kind of comfort to their grieving families. There are so many organs and tissues that can be donated and one can also be a living person in order to do it. A sad statistic about the organ donation waiting list is that every 48 hours, someone dies while waiting for an organ and never receiving it (Newton). So one has to wonder if the general public was more aware of this issue; they would be more willing to sign up. Although there are some religious sects have some stipulations against organ donations, the majority actually condone it to be an act of charity. Though the subject of organ donation is a very sensitive issue, there are many advantages to them being performed. The fact that it only takes one organ donor to save  over eight lives is simply amazing and that the donor is able to give comfort to grieving families and improve someone’s way of life. Financial or celebrity status has no bearing on determining who is able to receive a transplant in the U.S. Also, the system for matching donors and recipients being regulated by the Federal Government should give people some ease about any wrong doing involving the sale of organs in the United States (Burande). An Ethics Committee was in fact put into place by organizations that specialize in the procurement of organs and every region and hospital has one. Hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreas, small intestines, and also the eyes could be donated and transplants have a highly successful transfer rate of up to 80 to 90 percent (Burande). A person can be a living person and still donate certain parts of organs and bone marrow (Burande). Children can even become organ donors with their parent’s consent and the family pays no bills associated with any kind of organ donation. The donor person’s medical history is more significant than a person’s age, so someone should never think that they are too old to eligible to donate (Organ Donation: Don’t let These Myths C onfuse You). A person can even donate their entire body for the benefit of research and the use of medical education. A lot of families are concerned that if their deceased loved one donates, that they will not be able to have an open casket funeral and that is simply not true (Organ Donation: Don’t let These Myths Confuse You). The respect of the deceased and their families is one of the top priorities when it comes to organ donation. The process also involves many steps, with the first being a referral when a patient is about to pass away to confirm if they are or are not a registered donor. Then a medical evaluation is done to see if the organs are suitable. After a declaration of death is made by the doctor, the next of kin signs a consent form. After transplant coordinators confirm the death with a medical examiner or coroner to see whether it’s under jurisdiction, the transplant surgeon finalizes the recipient as a proper match. The work of the surgical removal team is also ov erseen by the transplant coordinator. Last, after it’s all said and done, letters are sent out to the donor’s family, relevant doctors and nurses informing them of the outcome of the donation that was done. Just like any other medical procedure, there are some issues that do exist. Over 115,000 people are currently waiting for an organ in the U.S and every 48 hours, a  person dies waiting to receive an organ and not getting one (Burande). Each year over a million people need organs to save or dramatically improve their life. There is also a black market that exists for some organs, especially kidneys, so naturally people are hesitant due to its unethical prospects (Adomaitis). This tends to happen more frequently in countries where the population is poor. Organs from living donors are transplanted from people that live in poverty into more prominent citizens that live elsewhere all due to the need for money. A new study was done out of Alberta, Canada that Canadians might be more willing to sign up to be registered donors if they were offered some kind of monetary compensation for their families (Verner). The families would be offered a tax break or help with funeral expenses and of course the process would be done legally and all safety precautions would be followed. The only problem that is foreseen from that is how to establish the cost of an organ when life itself is precious. When it comes to the subject of organ donation, there are many religious aspects concerning beliefs from various religions. Although, many religions actually encourage it because they consider it be an act of charity, but with stipulations when it comes to a person doing it. Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that if a person decides to donate, all organs and tissues must be drained of blood first (Adomaitis). The Amish approves it only if the recipient’s life will be definitely improved or saved (Adomaitis). Though, they are not opposed to it, Mennonites leave the decision to the individual or his/her family members. In closing, no matter how sensitive a person is when it comes to the subject of organ donation, it never hurts to fully research the topic. He or she might have to come upon making a decision one day concerning the matter and they should be fully informed of all the pros and cons. This concludes my essay on the issue of organ donation. Annotated Bibliography Burande, Abhay. Organ Donation Facts and Statistics. Dec 21, 2011, Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/organ-donation-facts-and-statistics.html There are many statistical data to support the pros of organ transplants. The process is overseen by a committee in the U.S. that ensures its strict adherence. Adomaitis, Mary Beth. Cons of Organ Donating. Retrieved from http://dyinglovetoknow.com/ConsofOrganDonating Besides the pros of organ donation there are many cons associated with this issue. Black markets for organs and taking advantage of the poor to help the rich are sometimes concerns for many. Verner, Amy. Compensating Organ Donors Could Increase Donation Rates, Study Finds. The Globe Mail, Published Wednesday, Nov 07, 2012, Retrieved from http://www/the globeandmail.com/life/the-hot-button/compensating-organ-donors-could-increase-donations.html Studies have shown that people in Canada are more inclined to sign donor cards if they were monetarily compensated. The only issue is that of how to put a value on human life. Newton, Joshua. How Does The General Public View Posthumous Organ Donation? A Meta-Synthesis of the Qualitative Literature. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:791. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/791 There are many individuals who are unwilling become organ donors posthumously, thus creating a disparity between the supply and demand for transplants. A meta-synthesis of literature was therefore conducted to determine the views of the general public concerning the issue. Organ Donation: Don’t let These Myths Confuse You, The Mayo Clinic, Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/organ-donation/FL00077 Many people are ill-informed about the organ donation process. This article lists many myths that are associated with organ donation and the truths to clarify on those myths.

Essay --

The Canadian Center of Science and Education and Andrew Worsley are to be given credit for the work done in this paper. Also, there are references to a project done in 2,000 called the MACHO project. The paper was developed by testing if, â€Å"advances in black hole physics can be used to accurately model both CDM associated with the super massive black hole at the center of the galaxy, and cosmological cold dark matter† (Worsley, 2012). They analyzed different sets of data and used a series of mathematical equations to find the proof of the existence of cosmological dark matter in the atmosphere. A strength of this article is that they put the distance to the LMC at 40kpc. This allowed the core radius of the halo to be as big as 25 kpc, which is like the MACHO project Model F predicted that as much as 40-60% of the halo mass could be accounted for by MACHOs, which implies that a portion of the halo could be primordial black holes. However, other models showed a lower percen tage 20 % of the core halo mass because they only kept it at 5 kpc, which limited their results. What has become c...

Process Paper on Making Snowman

Daniel Ricciardi Man of Snow Jim woke up after a large snowstorm last night that left ten inches of snow. His nephew Sean ran in to jim’s room and asks him to go outside. Sean said no one wanted to go and if they did it was to shovel. Of course Jim would rather play in snow then shovel so he gets outside before he gets assigned to work. He asked Sean what his favorite activity was in the snow. Sean said sledding but he was more interested in something else he hasn’t done before, making a snowman. Jim couldn’t wait to show Sean how to build the perfect snowman so he begins right away.Now their snowman needs three main body parts his legs, chest, and head. To make each body part they mold a small ball of snow in their hands and place it on the ground. Then begin to roll the ball around allowing it to gather up snow gradually getting larger. Jim Made sure not to roll it in a straight line since it might end up with a soup can shape snowball. They made sure their fir st ball for the legs was as big as Sean. Now repeat the process of molding the ball and rolling it to create the three body parts with one large and the rest gradually getting smaller.Lifting the chest snowball onto the leg snowball was difficult considering the size of my snowballs but Jim managed. Now they have the legs, body, and head with a perfect size deduction going from legs to head. Sean was filled with so much excitement seeing this large snow creature in almost full form. Sean could have been completely satisfied with the snowman he was so big he could climb it. Jim mentions to Sean that there not finished, the poor guy has no face. Sean was puzzled on how to draw a face onto our snowman. Jim told him we will not draw but all you need is a dozen or so quarter sized stones.Sean offered right away to look for them. While he did that Jim went inside to get a large orange carrot for the nose. Jim was lucky enough to find 2 large buttons for the eyes and a few smaller ones for a button shirt. Jim runs outside to see Sean stuffing the stones creating a in a vertical line across the lower part of the head. Jim asks him if he wants the snowman to smile or keep this straight face. Without an answer Jim starts to align the stones into a happy face along with the eyes and nose and buttons down the body. Sean is laughing uncontrollably at the goofy looking face.Jim couldn’t help laughing as he walks to the woods. He finds two skinny branches as along as his own arm. He stabs both sides of the snowman body with the left one tilted up to look like a wave. Sean jumps up and gives him a high-five almost snapping the arm right off. Now for them to finally finish, they both go inside and look for a hat, scarf, and mittens. They got the most colorful and wacky styles they could find. Together they place the clothing on there now finished snowman. With Jims help Sean created his first most perfect snowman.

Scenario

Decision Form Period 5 Company____ 3 COPY I Price (per unit) Advertising Sales Corporate Identity Market research report Market 1 3090 EUR 6 mEUR MEUR Yes: ? x 2 Market 2 4420 FCU mEUR 3 Market 1 no. of ppl. Market 2 no. of ppl. Yes: ? Yes: ? Value Analysis 1 2 Sales Staff 120 90 Bid price for tender 2699 EUR/unit Relaunch (I – old) Introduction (I – new) Ecology 2. 6 4. 8 Technology COPY I – old COPY I – new COPY II – new 35 50 o. of ppl. no. of ppl. no. of ppl. COPY I R&D mEUR mEUR mEUR mEUR mEUR mEUR Purchasing Input Materials/Parts 30,000 units COPY I Production Volume Production Lines Investment Disinvestment Maintenance Rationalization 50,000 units Type B no. of new lines no. of line(s) mEUR /line mEUR /line 1 3 Type A no. of new lines no. of line(s) mEUR /line 1 mEUR /line 1. 6 Type C no. of new lines no. of line(s) mEUR /line mEUR /line ProductionProcess Optimization Investment in Environmental Technology Production Staff – hire (+) / dismiss (-) Training Non-salary costs Short Term Loans Long Term Loans Purchase of securities Dividends . 3 . 20 mEUR mEUR ppl. mEUR % mEUR mEUR mEUR % of net income Financing 5 30 COPY I Planned figures Sales Revenue* Return on equity Cash-Flow Market 1 100 mEUR % 15 10 mEUR Market 2 50 mEUR * Sales Revenue without Bulk Buyer and Request for Bids TOPSIMÂ ® – General Management | Version 13. 0 | Decision Form 8 Periods – Standard Scenario www. topsim. com

Master harold and the boys essays

Master harold and the boys essays Racist Attitudes and Their Influences in Master Harold ... and the boys We have all heard the saying that the rich keep getting richer while the poor keep getting poorer. This somewhat describes South Africa in the 1950s. During this time in Africa, the white people kept getting more powerful while the black population kept getting weaker. South Africas apartheid system gave powerful odds to the whites and created a racist society. In Master Harold ... and the boys, a book set around the 1950s and during the apartheid system, the racist attitudes from the apartheid system and Hallys parents affected how Hally treated Sam and Willie, who are black and work for Hallys mother. These attitudes over-shadowed the good relationship Sam and Hally had built through most of Hallys childhood. Apartheid was a system that deliberately set out to humiliate black people, even to the point of relegating them to separate benches, entails the danger of habitual indifference to the everyday detail that shape black and white relationship and finally, perverts them. (Durbach 69). South Africa passed laws and acts making the black peoples lives degrading and ensured the white superiority. Four laws were passed in 1950 which included the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, the Amendment to the Immorality Act, and the suppression of the Communism Act. These laws did several things including classified people by color, governed areas for living according to race and controlled ownership of property, prohibited sexual contact across racial lines, and removed due process of laws for blacks. (Durbach 69). Apartheid was used in South Africa because the whites, while a minority in the population, wanted to be in control of the government and society. The way anything that is smaller in size, and therefore weaker, is able to get power is through intimidation. The whites made themselves...

School Uniforms Essays - Uniforms, School Uniform, Military Uniform

School Uniforms Essays - Uniforms, School Uniform, Military Uniform School Uniforms Mandatory uniforms is an answer that some give to stop the recent and alarming rise in violence and drop out rates in our public schools. Those that support uniforms argue that uniforms disguise economic and ethnic backgrounds, so students are no longer jealous of others. The financial burden on parents is lifted. But do uniforms really give all of these benefits? Can just one change in public schools make them so much better? The wearing of uniforms in more of the nation's public schools has been a much-talked about issue recently, with President Clinton and several members of Congress voicing their support. Supporters of school uniforms say social and economic classes would no longer be revealed by students' clothing, schools will have more of a sense of community, and students' self-esteem will improve. Some gang members have hurt or murdered innocent people because of a colored item of clothing they chose to wear. Proponents assert that uniforms will reduce this type of violence in schools and, therefore, make classes safe and orderly. Uniforms have been shown to reduce absentee rates as well. In situations where there are several different financial backgrounds attending the same school students may be under pressure, and possibly ridiculed because of failure to conform to the latest fashion trends. Everybody wearing the same styles of clothes might eliminate that. In response to growing levels of violence in our schools, many parents, teachers, and school officials have come to see school uniforms as one positive and creative way to reduce discipline problems and increase school safety. They observed that the adoption of school uniform policies can promote school safety, improve discipline, and enhance the learning environment. As a result, many local communities are deciding to adopt school uniform policies as part of an overall program to improve school safety and discipline. California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, New York, Tennessee, Utah and Virginia have enacted school uniform regulations. Even though social and economic barriers can be torn down, some schools have not had as much success. In fact, implementing mandatory school uniforms can be dangerous because it provides the community with a false sense of security. It is like putting a small bandage on an enormous wound, instead of attempting to find ways to truly deal with the bleeding. Although this can happen, uniforms prove to continue to be a success. In a recent study of uniforms in Georgia Schools, eighty percent of students stated that they did not feel that the uniforms reduced fights and 68.7% felt that uniforms did not help to make them feel a part of school. One argument is that if our society is to ever get past bigotry and prejudices, it is imperative that students learn to accept people that do not dress like them, but others believe that uniforms bring different cultured people together. I believe that uniforms usually help in most areas, but I do not see a huge need for them in Ware County. The greatest effect of the school uniforms would be not having to wear labcoats! I myself would not feel at any way individually squashed if I were made to wear a uniform. Everyone must look at the main issue pertaining to this topic. Our Lives, without our individuality is meaningless. I would be more than willing to wear a uniform to school and be safe and let my personality express my individualism, and be judged for what I am than to be judged and be pput into a life threatening situation for what color I was wearing.

Text Features to Navigate - Table of Contents, Glossary and Index

Text Features to Navigate - Table of Contents, Glossary and Index   A positive approach to teaching text features is not only to use them in instruction, or create worksheets, but to give students practice using those text features in other ways, as a group.   The features in this article (Table of Contents, Index and Glossary) are not found directly in the text but either in the front of the book (Table of Contents) or in the back (Index and Glossary) and are tools to help the student use the text to find information.    The Text Features Table of Contents The first page after the frontispiece and the publishers information is usually The Table of Contents.   You will find the same features in an ebook, as well (since they are usually digital forms of the printed text.)    Usually they will have the title of each chapter and the page number.   Some will even have subtitles for subsections which the author uses to organize the text. Glossary Often, especially in a student text book, words that appear in the glossary will be highlighted or even highlighted in a color.   As the age of the student and difficulty of the text increases, the glossary words will not appearthe student is expected to know that they can find specific vocabulary for the subject in the glossary.   Ã‚   Glossary entries are very much like dictionary entries, and will often have a pronunciation key and at least the definition for the word as used in the text and subject.   Sometimes authors will provide other definitions, but in either case, it is important for students to understand that when there is only one, there may be more than one meaning, and when there are multiples, only one definition should be chosen to make sense of the word in the context.    Index The index, at the end of the book, helps students find information in the body of the text.   We know that in order to research for a paper, we need to know how to find information in a text using an index.   We can also help students understand that when they have read a text and cant recall specific information, that information can be found in the index.   At the same time, students need to understand how to use synonyms to find information they are looking for - They may not know that to learn about the signing of the constitution, they should look first for Constitution in the index, and then hopefully find Signing as a sub subject.   Instructional Strategies Introduce the Terms Table of Contents, Index and Glossary First, of course, you need to find out if your students can name and then find text features.   Text features are being introduced almost as soon as students begin reading, in late first grade.    Still, students have significant difficulty with reading, they probably havent been paying attentionthey have probably been more attentive to ways to avoid having to read aloud.   So . . .   Choose a text.   It may be one you are using in your class, or you may want a non-fiction text that the students can have in front of them.   I find that Reading A-Z has excellent non-fiction.   (I will be using a text later to illustrate using the Treasure Hunt strategy for practice.)    I would recommend, for these purposes, to use a text that is at or below the students independent reading level, so that the code (decoding the text) is not the focus of your lesson.   Ã‚   Find the text features.   Send the students to specific page numbers and have students put their finger on the text feature, or have students find the particular item. i.e. Find the Table of Contents and put your finger on the words Table of Contents to show me you know how to find it.   Model using the text feature: Table of Contents:   i.e. Find the third chapter. What is the Title? What will you probably read about in this chapter? Index:   We know our book is about dogs.   I have a chihuahua, so help me find where I can read about chihuahuas.   (Be sure to check there is a section, first!) Glossary:   Find a word in the textIve chosen apprentice from Sellman, Jane.   Benjamin Franklin from Reading A - Z.   (p.7)   Read the text aloud.   When you get to the word, remind students where the glossary is and have a student find the word in the glossary, and read it aloud to you.    Games Cant beat games to get students motivated and give them practice!   Use favorite games and give your students practice.   here are some ideas for these text features. Glossary Go:   Put all the words in a books glossary on 3 X 5 cards and  shuffle.   Assign a caller, and divide your group into teams.   Have the caller read the word and place it on the table.   Have a child from each team ready when the word is read and find it 1) in the glossary and then 2) find the sentence in the text.   The first person to find the word in the text raises their hand and then reads the sentence.    This game asks the students to use the glossary to find the page and then to search the page for the word in context.   Text Feature Treasure Hunt Two ways I see to play this: Individually.   Make this a race to see who finds the items first:   i.e.   What does colonial mean? Go! The student who finds the answer first gets a point.   Play until you have a winner.   Requires some preparation. In a Group.   Make each task a clue from the text.   Make two or three sets so you can divide your group/class into more than one group.   Have the words in the answer correspond to something in your class, or . . . label locations where you hide the next clue with a word in the answer.

To what extent do leaders shape their movements, and to what extent Essay

To what extent do leaders shape their movements, and to what extent are they shaped by them Illustrate your answer with reference to leaders from more than one - Essay Example This particular essay will be conducted in a manner such that briefly some theories of the leadership and the behaviors of the leaders are discussed. The conclusions related to the theories will be supported by one of the leader who is selected for the discussion here. The leader is selected on the basis of the major revolutionary changes that have been made because of his and his movements’ contributions. Kirk (2005) argues that according to the 1trait theory which is designed in the context of the leadership, the leaders have the personalities as well as the behavioral tendencies that make the leaders the way they are. The theory says that there will be certain traits and characteristics in the person that will make him behave in the leading manner. In addition to this the contingency theory suggests that in addition to the behavioral tendencies that the person has, the leadership qualities of the person are shaped more by the surrounding situation that the person belongs to. Many of the historical authors have written the leadership qualities what seemed appropriate to them. In the case of Sanskrit, there are ten main qualities in the leader that have been defined. According to the aristocratic thinkers, the leadership quality of the person comes from the familial traits or the genes of the person. If the leadership runs in the family than the person would be possessing the leadership qualities. But this in my point of view still depends on the situation that the person is in. Sunnemark (2004) discusses that in these historical times, we have seen many leaders who may be related to the political movements which have worked for the changes in the social society as well. 2Therefore the leaders are always important to the social movements that ever occurred in the history. The scholars have tried hard to learn as to what

Stovall home products case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stovall home products case - Essay Example We are sorry for the inconvenience caused for you in this regard and there is more effective solution available to remove stains from resin based finish. Please note, Mix the ingredients with one gallon of cold water, two tablespoon of sodium sulphate and a half cup of white vinegar thoroughly. Afterwards, immerse the whole jacket for about 20 minutes, then rinse the jacket by hand or run it in washing machine with water only, do not add anything at all and hang the jacket to drip dry. Sodium sulphate can be purchased either from a drug store or a photo supply shop. One more alternative solution is also available. You can send your Sportique jacket to us and we have many alternatives to work on it, it will take a couple of weeks’ time. If you are willing then do send it to us and Stovall will pay the postage. Website for â€Å"Negative Message Writing† (Writing Negative Messages, 2002). is used for learning about how we have to communicate the negative messages in various situations and it also involves various legal implications. In the above situation the problem is caused by the consumer not Stovall’s even though we need to treat the customer based on positive approach. So we have mentioned quite clearly the cause for the issue and also suggesting her some possible solutions to get rid of the problem. If she is not able do to it at home, Stovall is willing do to for her at Stovall’s cost. The above information can be arranged as per learning from the website. I referred a book for â€Å"Writing an effective business letter† (Writing An Effective Business Letter, 2013) for learning letter templates. Based on their template only, I had drafted the above

There is a real danger of a house price bubble in London. Discuss Essay - 2

There is a real danger of a house price bubble in London. Discuss - Essay Example ms to be a danger in the house price bubble, which results from a combination of different factors and there are several signs that the property market in London may be headed to an adjustment. The house prices in London seem to be changing each and every day and barely does a week go without the good news that the prices will supposedly rise. This is as a result of the investment circle spreading through the major towns of London. There have been other optimistic predictions that the prices in London to go up by about 40% according to Knight Frank. There are several factors and evidence that shows that show prospect for a real danger in the housing industry. Buyers from outside London are limited but are an important part of the housing market. The urge from these clients for new homes has catalyzed the current building of the luxury apartments (Barkham, 2012). Despite all these, changing the world economic conditions together with tough government controls on some important things like the visas threatens London housing industry. (Balling, 2006) If there will be a halt in the buying of houses by foreigners in London, it may result in a significant drop in demand and supply will increase reducing the price of the houses. The erection of new houses contributes for majority of the upcoming house stock, but they have a limited life on the market shelves and will appreciate slowly than the existing counterparts. More so, newly constructed buildings tend to a little bit expensive compared homes per Unit Square. London is expected to experience an increase in the number of new homes in the recent years, which threatens the house supply and demand in the country. The new homes will help in the elevation of Londons property prices near the future but may lead to long- term effects on the market prices (Barkham, 2012). There is a gradual appreciation in the house prices in areas where there have been new buildings, but this, in the long run, comes down, and foreign

Managing strategy in the global marketplace Assignment

Managing strategy in the global marketplace - Assignment Example on and adoption of new technologies, the Education & Training Services industries can gain a more solid ground for competing against other industries globally. On the other hand, the advertising industries are some f the most profitable industries (Friedman, 2013). This is because, there have been various developments that have always favored the advertising industry, such as the technological innovations and rise of different media platforms, which increases the avenues for advertising and consequent revenue generation, while reducing the costs involved (Friedman, 2013). Some industries are just inherently more profitable than others. This is because; there are some industries that have more avenues through which they can generate revenues and incomes than others (Bierman, 2011). For example, the advertising industries are highly favored by the access to multiple revenue generating avenues, as opposed to the Education & Training Services industries. Recently, it has become difficult for anyone to escape advertisement, considering that it is happening everywhere through different platforms such as the mainstream media, social media and the mobile telephony platforms (Bierman, 2011). This has increased the avenues through which the advertising industry can generate income at reduced costs, thus increasing the industries profitability. Even among the best performing industries, only some companies do well, because the performance of a company is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the management function, the suitability of the business strategies adopted, and the ability of the company to take advantage of the available opportunities through risk taking and innovation (Bierman, 2011). For example, International Child Care Corporation is a company falling under the Education & Training Services industry that has performed poorly both in the short term and the long term, while Graham Holdings Co. is an industry that has managed to perform well both in the

Rhetorical criticism using Ernest bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Essay

Rhetorical criticism using Ernest bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Neo-Aristotelian approach on Barack Obama's first Inaugur - Essay Example To a good number of America the election of president Obama represented hope for a new beginning and a chance to perform reforms for the better. However, many Americans questioned his ability to lead with enough background and skills to address these concerns. This thesis examines the president 2009 inaugural address. The analysis of this speech shows how the president rhetorically managed to alleviate the concern of the USA’s people. And, in what manner he was rhetorically able to convince Americans that he is the right person to led the nation to the right direction through this difficult times. First, present and explains the chosen theories within classical rhetoric and the genre of the address. He then uses the selected theories to analyze the Obama’s inaugural address. The writer then makes assessment and discussion of the thesis statement from this analysis. The thesis has Ernest Bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Neo-Aristotelian approach to determine the type of speech, the usage and appeal form used. By utilizing this approach, it was possible to deduce whether Obama’s inaugural speech was rhetoric. The Obama’s rhetoric inaugural address has its own genre. ... Inaugural address is supposed to be non-partisan and unifying. They should make people feel that if they come together they can achieve more (Fafner, 1998). Most of the Americans have a major concern about domestic and international issue. With the election of a new president, people want to feel that the needed reforms are steered for the better especially with the new leader in power. Obama’s inaugural address was an opportunity for him to show off his prowess with respect to his capacity to alleviate the concern of the Americans. In this regard, therefore, the thesis will answer a number of questions such as question: 1) how did the president rhetorically manage to alleviate the concern of Americans? 2) In what way was president Obama rhetorically able to win the hearts and minds of the Americans convincing them that he is the right person to lead them through this trying time? Method of Analysis To answer the question, the author describes theories used for them. Then a rh etoric analysis of the president inaugural address will be made based on the selected theories. While accounting for the selected theories, the focus will be linguistic analysis that utilize five cons of Aristotle ‘classical rhetoric, (memoria, action, elocutio, disposito and inventio) and the three appeal forms- (ethos, pathos and logos.) Background and literature review Classical rhetoric arose in 5th century in Athens Greece. Rhetoric refers the art of speaking and is the theory about shaping the language in a way that both the person speaking and the intended audience gains sympathy. The objective of rhetoric is to convince actuate and stimulate the audience. In the recent past the

Shitaos Drunk in Autumn Woods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shitaos Drunk in Autumn Woods - Essay Example Concurrently, trees at the center of the painting are denser in darker hues of gray and black. These trees have shades of orange and rust in their leaves. It is at this focal point where viewers get the chance to observe that there are people (friends) in three sets of settings amidst the conglomerate of autumn trees. At the left and middle portions, there are two sets of friends in groups of three which could be interpreted as drinking and sharing stories. They are seated on the grass and garbed in traditional Chinese robes. In addition, also at the mid-section, there are also friends seen to be walking where two friends are side by side and one is situated at the back just beneath a tall tree. Likewise, at the right side, on the banks of a river and sitting on a small boat is another person. These friends could be analyzed as on their way to a destination beyond the small bridge. In addition, just perpendicular to the bridge, two friends on horseback are seen riding. Finally, at the left lower portion of the painting, there are people seated on the porch of a house, apparently waiting. More trees are shown in the lower portion of the painting sharing similar shades of gray some with orange leaves. The painting could be interpreted as a venue where friends share memorable moments through sharing stories and a drink under the autumn trees. Other people are travellers on a journey who seem to enjoy the peaceful atmosphere of the environment. The positioning of images in strategically selected positions.

Rhetorical criticism using Ernest bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Essay

Rhetorical criticism using Ernest bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Neo-Aristotelian approach on Barack Obama's first Inaugur - Essay Example To a good number of America the election of president Obama represented hope for a new beginning and a chance to perform reforms for the better. However, many Americans questioned his ability to lead with enough background and skills to address these concerns. This thesis examines the president 2009 inaugural address. The analysis of this speech shows how the president rhetorically managed to alleviate the concern of the USA’s people. And, in what manner he was rhetorically able to convince Americans that he is the right person to led the nation to the right direction through this difficult times. First, present and explains the chosen theories within classical rhetoric and the genre of the address. He then uses the selected theories to analyze the Obama’s inaugural address. The writer then makes assessment and discussion of the thesis statement from this analysis. The thesis has Ernest Bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Neo-Aristotelian approach to determine the type of speech, the usage and appeal form used. By utilizing this approach, it was possible to deduce whether Obama’s inaugural speech was rhetoric. The Obama’s rhetoric inaugural address has its own genre. ... Inaugural address is supposed to be non-partisan and unifying. They should make people feel that if they come together they can achieve more (Fafner, 1998). Most of the Americans have a major concern about domestic and international issue. With the election of a new president, people want to feel that the needed reforms are steered for the better especially with the new leader in power. Obama’s inaugural address was an opportunity for him to show off his prowess with respect to his capacity to alleviate the concern of the Americans. In this regard, therefore, the thesis will answer a number of questions such as question: 1) how did the president rhetorically manage to alleviate the concern of Americans? 2) In what way was president Obama rhetorically able to win the hearts and minds of the Americans convincing them that he is the right person to lead them through this trying time? Method of Analysis To answer the question, the author describes theories used for them. Then a rh etoric analysis of the president inaugural address will be made based on the selected theories. While accounting for the selected theories, the focus will be linguistic analysis that utilize five cons of Aristotle ‘classical rhetoric, (memoria, action, elocutio, disposito and inventio) and the three appeal forms- (ethos, pathos and logos.) Background and literature review Classical rhetoric arose in 5th century in Athens Greece. Rhetoric refers the art of speaking and is the theory about shaping the language in a way that both the person speaking and the intended audience gains sympathy. The objective of rhetoric is to convince actuate and stimulate the audience. In the recent past the

Advertisement that attempts to trigger problem recognition Case Study

Advertisement that attempts to trigger problem recognition - Case Study Example This paper was written after a research that was done on four websites and two websites were chosen. These websites; one being an entertainment website and the other a company website, demonstrated how ads can be used to trigger problem recognition. The websites that were chosen include that of askmen.com, which is an entertainment website and PatchMd.com, which is a medical company. Starting with askmen.com, the website hosts various types of entertainment information including dating, sports, health, news, movies, games and others. For this case, I selected one of the advertisements on the website that was trying to inform us on how to prevent flu and cold. One major aim of this ad is to trigger a problem in us, the readers that flu and cold have become a problem to control. It, for this reason, goes ahead to give us the simple tips that we can use to prevent the flu and cold. The ad begins with a heading, "Preventing Cold & Flu." Under the heading, it tries to pose a question and an answer, "Flu going around? Heres how to avoid it like a pro," (Dave 1). The ad has just let us know that cold and flu are problems to use that are going around. It then wants to provide us with a solution on how we can handle this problem like pros. Anyone who had cold and flu and did not realize them to be a problem, when they read this ad, they will definitely find out that they have been having a problem. Better still, they will even find out that their problem has a solution after they pay attention to the ad trying to address it. The ad uses a simple picture of a side plate with a glass full of a solution, ginger and a piece of lemon as shown below. The second website that I visited is that of PatchMd.com Company (PatchMd 1). This website provides an ad that tries to trigger a problem about using pills to lose weight. As it suggests, there is a problem when one uses pills to lose weight and, for this reason, it

Lan Base Entrance Examination System Essay Example for Free

Lan Base Entrance Examination System Essay Long b books were known, the storyteller of many lands including our own, told tales in order to entertain their listeners, as well as, to convey the moral lessons which these stories usually impart. In the course of time, these stories were handed down from generation to generation and worn smooth by ages of telling and retelling. Stories were generally tailored to reply information, become outlet for political and/ or social criticism, and sometimes simply entertain. Many storyteller acquired that distinctive style and unique from which among them well-loved and highly appreciated qualities. But as time passed by, the use of traditional multimedia such as slides, videos, filmstrips, audio recording and overhead projectors paved way in upgrading the storytelling techniques to help readers understand more clearly what the authors want to convey. The use of these traditional multimedia opened doors for new discoveries, discoveries that he will help the students enhanced their learning capabilities through the teaching- learning processed. Thus, with the method of teaching to be effective must be supplemented by other methods or devices that will increase and enhanced quality instruction. But time changes the trends in every generation.† The key to this revolutionary advancement is, of course, the computer. A combination of electronic memory with programs that tell the machine how to process the stored data, computers were still a scientific curiosity in early 1950’s Computer, as a tool and as a part of teaching and learning process, has been a major breakthrough in the educational system. In our modern way situation, a lot of stories are being relayed to students especially those in the elementary level in forms of movies, books and newspapers. What seems notable was that although most movies featured†hitech† technological advancements, many lack a very important aspect of the story telling, the imparting lesson. As a consequence, children member a movie or story based on what they saw or heard but not the lesson of the story, which is the more important aspect of storytelling. Worst, most tabloids being sold, which openly contain pornographic pictures and erotic stories, are within the reach of these kids. The researchers believe that one way minimizing, if not eliminating this situation, was creating by interactive storyteller system, which can be used by primary school educators as a tool for storytelling. Although the level of popularity of a computer- aided instruction (CAI) in various skills such as readings , may vary. Few will dispute the facts that computers have won a permanent place in most classrooms. The most common concerns of educators now have to do with the appropriateness of many possible role computers can play in instruction. The emphasis however, should not be on computer to increase the achievement but rather on how the teacher uses computers meaningfully in instruction.

The Evil Rooted In Women :: essays research papers fc

Chaucer, in his female pilgrimage thought of women as having an evil-like quality, that they always tempt and take from men. They were depicted of untrustworthy, selfish and vain. Through the faults of both men and women, Chaucer showed what is right and wrong and how one should live. Under the surface, however, lies a jaded look of women and how they cause for the downfall of men. (chuckiii, 4) Chaucer obviously had very opinionated views of the manners and behaviors of women and expressed it strongly in The Canterbury Tales. In his collection of tales, he portrayed two extremes in his prospect of women. The Wife of Bath represented the extravagant and lusty woman where as the Prioress represented the admirable and devoted followers of church. (Chaucer, 8) Chaucer delineated the two characters contrastingly in their appearances, general manners, education and most evidently in their behavior toward men. Yet, in the midst of disparities, both tales left its readers with an unsolved enigma. The Wife of Bath represents the "liberal" extreme in regards to female stereotypes of the Middle Ages.(chuckiii, 4) Unlike most women being anonymous during the Middle Ages, she has a mind of her own and voices herself. Furthermore, she thinks extremely highly of herself and enjoys showing off her Sunday clothes whenever the opportunity arises. She intimidates men and women alike due to the power she possesses. Because of her obnoxious attitude Chaucer makes her toothless, fat and large. Doubtlessly, she is very ugly, almost to the point of "not-presentable." The Prioress, on the other hand, serves as a foil to the Wife of Bath. Chaucer describes her as "tenderhearted" who can not bear the sight of pain or physical suffering. She will cry at the thought of a dog dying. It could represent that she has a frail soul with low tolerance for pain and suffering.(fordham, 16) The latter description carries over into the modern stereotypes about women as skittish and afraid members of society who need to be cared for. (Fordham, 16) Chaucer paints a very delicate and elegant picture of the Prioress. Her manners of eating are far from the brutish festivals of the time. Chaucer describes her table manners as very graceful, not a drop of anything would fall from her mouth, and she was very polite when taking thing at the table. (lines 131-4). Chaucer's last description of Prioress - the letter "A" around her neck that stood for "Amor vincit omnia" meaning "Love conquers all.

Augustus Caesar Essay -- Classics Rome Emperor Essays

Augustus Caesar Works Cited Missing Augustus Caesar, the Rome's first true Emperor was the historical figure who had the greatest impact upon the western world between the dawn of civilization and the end of the middle ages. Augustus Caesar (31B.C. - 14 A.D.) was originally named Gaius Octivian, the name Augustus was granted by the Roman Senate, which means magnificent. The success of Augustus was he developed an honest government, and during his reign, he rebuilt many structures to improve the Roman Empire, which included temples and roads with classical style. He created an efficient postal service that encouraged free trade among the region. The soul power of Augustus had established him to distribute the long standing of Rome. Augustus Caesar did not gain his position easily. He was the adopted heir of Julius Caesar, and he attained his position and held it without meeting with the same fate as his Uncle Julius Caesar. Augustus had to bring the people to his side and win the support of the military in order to gain his trust from the senate. He had raised his own military. Meanwhile, many of the senate was against Mark Antony, who was the right hand man of Julius Caesar and also wanted to become the heir. The leader of the senate, Cicero, realized Augustus was a useful alley, ordered Angustus to make war on Antony and forced him to retreated to Gaul, but Cicero failed to do so (Scarre, 17). Because during 43B.C. "Augustus marched on Rome with his army, and compelled the senate to to accept him as a consul" (Scarre, 17). Later on, Augustus met Antony and Lepidus and the three of them started to form a triumvirate, which excluded the senate power. They divided three parts of the Roman Empire. Antony took the east, Augustus took the west, and Lepidus away to Africa, since he was no long an equal partner (Scarre, 17). Augustus started to gain some reputation in the west; meanwhile Antony had left and conquered Egypt in order to gain his popularity. Unfortunately he married the queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, which was a disgraceful to Rome. Augustus raised an army of his own to fight Antony. The battle took place in Actium, and Augustus won the battle. In addition, Egypt was also conquered by Augustus and it became a new territory of Rome. "Augustus's overall policy was to keep the military establishment at the minimum ne... ... had brought people a better living. Augustus developed a very efficient postal service before the end of his reign, which gave the Romans the advantage to trade freely with other provinces. But the postal system was only used for imperial use and not for public use. He create the postal services by choosing a "Commissioner of the Roads near Rome", and their duty was to discharge to the assigned leader for each trunk road, and "carried out by couriers stationed along the main roads, which the couriers would answer questions relating to the dispatches that he carried, performed the whole journey, with changes of horses, in the same carriage" (Homles, 35). Even though, the postal systems were only for imperial use, the letters that they wrote were indebted. Augustus Caesar was a sole ruler during his reign; he stayed in power for almost half a century. He worked for the past and the future consciously, brought peace and prosperity to the people in the past and also in the future. Augustus succession was to control Rome in a wise way, without affecting the senate. After he died at the age of seventy-five, the people of the Roman Empire worshipped him as a god.

History of the Blues Essay

Conscious Hip-hop is the modern form of the blues. Both genres of music express the hardships of the African American people in their respective time periods or explain the culture surrounding the artist and/or their community. Through their lyrics, the artists from the two genres are able to spread the culture and experiences of the black race. Elements of the blues are rooted in African culture. The blues is one of the most influential styles of music, especially music of the early twentieth century. During its peak, the blues seemed to take on the role as the voice of the black population. Artist like Ma Rainey, Robert Johnson, and others alike were some of the great blues musicians. Although each artist sings about something different, they implant an emotion as well as spread the tribulations expressed in the song. In today’s world, conscious hip-hop has become the new blues. Although there are many musical alterations, conscious hip-hop currently serves the purpose that the blues once served for the African American community. This style of music speaks about the new hardships experienced by the community, and portrays it in a way that can be felt by anybody who has had the same, or similar, experiences. Blues Ma Rainey is considered the mother of the blues. She was known for her musical gifts, such as a wonderful bluesy tone. She was one of the pioneers of the blues as she was one of the first people, woman or man, to achieve notoriety and fame from this line of work. In Ma Rainey’s song, â€Å"Trust No Man†, she is lending advice to other women about the amount of trust that should be given to their male counter part. This song is one of the many problems experienced not only by black women, but women everywhere. Though it is not directly stated, the woman is in a relationship where her husband or boyfriend is constantly cheating on her, or at the very least, has experience with cheating men. Rainey continuously advises the woman not to allow the man out of her sight. During the release of this song, the world was still considered a â€Å"man’s world†. Consequently, this gave birth to the idea that men were allowed to cheat on their women and do whatever they wanted. All while the woman of the house stayed at home and waited for him. The song was extremely controversial, as well as popular. It was controversial because it was considered to be out of a woman’s place to speak her mind, let alone concern herself with the actions of what her husband was doing. With this in mind, Rainey’s song openly spoke out against it. It shined light onto the mistreatment of women by their men, as well as spoke against women letting it pass by as if it were acceptable to do so. As a result of all of those factors, the song was a female fan favorite. Ma Rainey gave a voice to the women who felt this way, but did not feel strong enough to speak out against it. This is just one way the blues contributed or spoke for the people. Robert Johnson’s mysterious background gave light to the spiritual/ unknown side of African culture. Robert Johnson was a blues guitarist and vocalist from 1933-1938’s. The song â€Å"Crossroad Blues† was one of his greatest recordings. The song talks about an encounter between Johnson and a â€Å"figure† at the crossroads. This song came about great fame because it is suppose to shed light on a â€Å"true† event that happened to Johnson. The legend goes that one day, Johnson was performing on stage when people began to humiliate him. Johnson ran out of town, and found himself walking down a lonely dark road. He came to a crossroad, where he had an exchange with the devil himself. The exchange was that the devil would grant Johnson musical talent if Johnson sold his soul to the devil. Johnson’s mysterious death added to the phenomena. The song talks about the unknown, which was something that was common in those times. Johnson, being a southern native, was probably exposed to things works such as voodoo, and selling of souls. Though this was not a hardship, it was a part of the culture for this time period. Big Bill Broonzy spoke out on situations that relate more with hardships in his song â€Å"Black Brown and White†. Big Bill Broonzy was a Chicago blues guitarist and vocalist. His song, â€Å"Black Brown and White† tells a story of the normal everyday struggles that the African Americans went through. In â€Å"Black Brown and White†, Big Bill Broonzy says, â€Å"Me and a man was workin’ side by side, This is what it meant, They was paying him a dollar an hour, And they was paying me fifty cent, They said if, you was white, ‘t should be all right, If you was brown, could stick around, But as you black, m-mm boy, git back git back git back†. African Americans were still considered less than whites, and segregation was still a huge part of society. As sad as it is, this was one of many social injustices imposed unto the African American community. Broonzy was able to use his music to share his experiences, as well as others’ experiences. Broonzy’s song â€Å"Black Brown and White†, gave a voice to the people who were enduring these hardships, and gave them hope in a â€Å"white ran† society that did not care about African Americans. Broonzy’s ability to speak out against the social injustice such as unequal rights was extremely influential. His style of playing helped in these efforts. A guitarist of the same genre, or style, used his talents to shed light on a different aspect. Muddy Waters is another Chicago Blues guitarist and vocalist. In his song, â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†, there are a lot of sexual references. It is also an example of call and response between a singer and the musicians. The style of guitar playing left room for a clearer understanding of lyrics, or a fuller sound. In â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†, there is separation, or a call and response musical interaction going on. But in many of Waters’ other songs, his guitar playing expands and thickens the texture of the music. The addition of the amplified harmonica, played by Little Walter, also helps add to the thickness of sound. The blues was changing; the use of the electric guitar, harmonica, piano (Otis Spann), and other musical techniques, brought on a new era and style of the blues. Muddy Waters was one of the pioneers in the change. The story of how the song came about is, Willie Dixon, Waters’ bass guitarist, was telling Waters about the song while Dixon and Waters were in the bathroom of a nightclub. Since Waters could not read, he rushed out to perform the song immediately, so that he would not forget it. Telling the group to play in the key of A, and no rehearsal prior to its performance (which is part of the reason for a call and response), added to the song’s tone as well. It was an instant hit everywhere it was played. Although there are voodoo references in a small portion of the song (which can be connected to Waters roots back down south), this song does not accurately describe any particular hardship of the African community. Waters perfectly portrays the life of a blues musician. Most blues musicians were in situations similar to the one that is described in â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†. Lustful women, who were looking to have sexual interactions with the artist, were constantly approaching blues musicians. The artist’s fame and social status attracted the hormones of many. This song reveals to the audience this aspect of a blues musician lifestyle during that time period. Hip-Hop Lupe Fiasco is the supreme example of conscious hip-hop’s claim to be the modern blues. Lupe Fiasco is a Chicago born artist who has produced and recorded many songs. He is today’s ideal conscious rapper. To define conscious rap â€Å"Conscious rap is a sub-genre of hip-hop that focuses on creating awareness and imparting knowledge. Conscious rappers traditionally decry violence, discrimination, and other societal ailments. It’s propelled by the conviction that radical social change comes through knowledge of self and personal discovery. † (about. com/consciousrap) Formally known as Lupe, he has three records, each touching on a subject that is currently affecting the African American community today. â€Å"He Say She Say† is a conversation, between three people, given from two different perspectives. The first perspective is between two people. An African American baby’s mother is discussing an issue with the father of her child. The two are not together, and consequently, the father neglects his duties to his son. As time passes, it takes a toll on the child academically and emotionally. The second conversation is the actual child and the father. The son discusses the way he feels about his father’s absence and how it is affecting him. The feelings of anger, sadness and disgust are felt through the tone and lyrics of Fiasco. There is no clear ending as to what happens next, so the listener does not know if the situation betters afterwards. This is a current problem today. Many African American children grow up fatherless, which leaves the mothers to play both roles. Fiasco’s inspiration was not an internal factor, but rather his friends and people around him in his community. Actually, Fiasco’s father played a huge role in Fiasco’s persona. While reading through biographies about him, I got the idea that Fiasco understands that without his father, Lupe would not be the person he is today. Jonylah Forever† is one of Fiasco’s most recent hits. It is about the life story of a six-month-old baby, Jonylah Watkins, who was shot five times (and killed) while in the minivan with her father (who lived). The song starts off saying â€Å"How bout them bullets ain’t slow you up You ain’t really die, we watched you grow up†, giving her the opportunity to live. The song goes on a path that guesses at what her life could’ve been. It talks about how the shooting changed her life and made her interested in learning. She graduates high school early, becomes a doctor, and in a intriguing twist, Fiasco ecreates the shooting that took her life, and makes it so that in the song, she was able to save herself. Sadly, this did not happen, but Fiasco’s lyrics opens up the eyes of many listeners so that they can see the pain and suffering violence causes, which is still one of the biggest crimes in America, especially in the African American population. In â€Å"Bitch Bad†, Fiasco brings up the influence of today’s provocative and vulgar music. A innocent young boy, who is no older than six, is defiled mentally while relaxing with his mother. The mother is listening to, and repeating, music, that refers to herself as a bad bitch. This corrupts his idea of what exactly is respectful and endearing. Since his mother is his only source of womanly standards, he believes all women must be that way; they must all be a bad bitch, or appreciate when he calls them a bitch. Parallel to the young man’s story, a little girl watches music videos that have a lady dressed in a bikini, shaking her booty. Although her favorite rapper made the video that the little girl is watching, Fiasco says that the little girl is barely listening to the lyrics. She is actually much more influenced by the lady dancing with her favorite rapper, so she pays more attention to that. As stated in the song, â€Å"Yeah, now imagine a group of little girls nine through twelve, On the internet watchin’ videos listenin’ to songs by themselves†¦ They’re young, so they’re malleable and probably unmentored†¦ Until that intelligence meets their favorite singer’s preference â€Å"Bad bitches, bad bitches, bad bitches That’s all I want and all I like in life is bad bitches, bad bitches† Now let’s say that they less concerned with him And more with the video girl acquiescent to his whims† (rapgenius. om) This paints a picture that the music most artists produce today, is not just music. Music is a means of molding and sculpting the younger generation. Conclusion The two genres of music, the blues and conscious hip-hop, have a striking relationship. The blues speaks out to the emotions a nd experiences of the community. It also spreads the culture and mindset of the community. Ma Rainey’s â€Å"Trust No Man† was a public service announcement to women. Her strength and strong will stood for what was right. The same is true for Fiasco’s style of music in general. He is a strong believer in removing the vulgarity from the music. Though the mistreatment is in a different form, the two are closely related. Women in today’s African American culture have been seen as nothing more than sexual objects. The clothing they wear, the lyrics that people rap about them, or even the dances, creates this idea that they are supposed to be treated in such a horrible manner. Just as controversial as it was for Rainey to speak bout such mistreatment, Fiasco’s approach to hip-hop is anti hip-hop today. Jonylah Forever† relates a lot with the emotion with which Johnson sings with in â€Å"Crossroads†. Johnson’s wife died before the recording of it, and the deep emotion and pain that is felt as he is singing Crossroads, is the same type of inflicted emotion that is caused by listening to the story of Jonylah Watkins. Though Fiasco paints a picture where she does not die, when the listener comes to the understanding that the six-mo nth-old baby was actually shot to death, the feeling that her father must feel is casted upon the listener. The other songs I’ve listed on my playlist like Muddy Waters’ â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†, or J. Cole’s â€Å"Lost Ones† serve just as other listens that support my thesis. The bond shared between the blues and conscious hip-hop is strong. I am not saying the blues is conscious, nor am I saying the opposite. Clearly, conscious hip-hop does not follow an eight, twelve, or sixteen bar chord progression. Nor does the blues poets speak their words without some type of melodic tone. However, I do believe that today’s conscious hip-hop serves the same purpose that the blues served in its early beginnings. Both were the voices of people, and both used their musical talents, insight, and lyrics to positively portray the people. The music correctly depicts the mindset or thinking of their respective communities and eras. Their music is for the hopeful, motivation for the hopeless, and actually has substance to it, which is the ultimate purpose of both the blues and conscious hip-hop.

A Report on Training & Development Department of Spl

Chapter -1 Introduction 1. 0 Introduction Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is the leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh. It has been running its business of about fifty two years and leading the pharmaceutical industry since 1985. Research points to the importance of good recruitment systems in the organizations. The 1980s brought downsizing, organizations were becoming too effective for their numbers of employees employed by them. Most problems concerning Human resources commence when training and development & recruitment and selection are not handled properly.Resignations, low motivation, poor performance may be due to incorrect procedures in the training and development process or in recruitment & selection. Training & Development enables for people to enhance their skills, keep them updated with recent changes. Square offer both on-the-job and off-the- job at both theoretical and practical training opportunities through a range of Local, Regional and International Training pro grams that include both functional and managerial levels on the basis of Training Need Assessment.Training Need Analysis (TNA) is conducted by Department Heads and Human Resource Department jointly on the basis of job analysis. The article also discusses the importance of good recruitment at technical & managerial levels & the implications that are encountered as a result of ad hoc recruitment process. Recruitment is responsibility of every manager in the organization. 1. 2 Origin of the Report Now a day, Education is not just limited to books and classr oom. From education the theoretical knowledge is obtained from course of study, which is only the half way of the subject matter Practical knowledge has no alternative.The perfect coordination between theory and practice is of paramount importance in the context of the modern business world now days. Therefore an opportunity is offered by Stamford University Bangladesh, for the potential business graduates to get three month practic al experience, which is known as â€Å"Internship Program†. To complete of the internship program, the author of the study was placed in a Company namely, â€Å"Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd (SPL), for the period of three months starting from Jun 19, 2011 to September 19, 2011.Internship program brings a student closer to the real life situation and thereby helps to launch a career with some prior experience. This project was assigned by the organizational Supervisor Ms. Tania Sultana, Executive in HR of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and was approved by the Faculty supervisor Mr. Md. Mohiuddin, Professor, Department of Management Studies, University of Dhaka. 1. 3 Significance of the Report The main reason of this study is to become familiar with the realistic business world to attain practical knowledge about the Pharmaceutical related business in the corporate world.We all know that there is no alternative of practical knowledge which is more beneficial than theoretical aspects . 1. 4 Objectives of the Report The primary reason of writing this report is to fulfill the internship requirement of BBA program. The prime objective of the study will be to evaluate the recruitment and selection and procedure of Square Pharmaceutical Ltd. To facilitate achieve the prime objective; this study aims at attaining the following SPL operational objectives: * To get a clear and practical knowledge about the business of SPL. To understand the perspective of creating and presenting the new idea. * To fulfill the requirement of the BBA degree. * To get practical idea about organizational environment. * To introduce the new situation, new environment. * How management is analyzing work and planning for people? 1. 5 Selection of the Topic The topic selected for the study was chosen by me and approved by Dr. Shahid Uddin Ahmed. Chapter-2 Company Background 2. 0 Organization History SQUARE today symbolizes a name – a state of mind. But its journey to the growth and prosp erity has been no bed of roses.From the inception in 1958, it has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , the flagship company, is holding the strong leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh since 1985 and is now on its way to becoming a high performance global player. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited is the largest pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh and it has been continuously in the 1st position among all national and multinational companies since 1985. It was established in 1958 and converted into a public limited company in 1991.The sales turnover of SPL was more than Taka 11. 46 Billion (US$ 163. 71 million) with about 16. 43% market share (April 2009- March 2010) having a growth rate of about 16. 72%. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited has extended her range of services towards the highway of global market. She pioneered exports of medicines from Bangladesh in 1987 and has been exporting antibioti cs and other pharmaceutical products. This extension in business and services has manifested the credibility of SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited. 2. 1 Milestone of SPL * Year of Establishment 1958. * Incorporate as a Public Limited Company – 1964. Technical Collaboration Agreement with Jansen Pharmaceuticals of Belgium. A subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson International Limited – 1975. * Technical collaboration Agreement with F. Hoffman – La Roche & Company Limited – 1984. Converted into Public Limited Company – 1991. * Stock exchange listing (D & C) – 1995. * Agreement with M/S. Bevis tandem Limited of UK for implementation of Dhaka Plant – 1996. Awarded ISO- 9001 Certificate -1998. * Business Lines- Manufacturing & Marketing of Pharmaceuticals finished product, Basic Chemicals & Agro vet products. 2. 2 Vision of the SPLSquare view business as a means to the material & social wellbeing of the investors, employees and the society at large, leading to accretion of wealth through financial and moral gains as a part of the process of the human civilization. 2. 3 Mission of the SPL Square mission is to produce and provide Quality and innovative healthcare relief for people, maintain stringently ethical standard in business operation also ensuring benefit to the Shareholder’s, Stakeholder’s and the society at large. Business Slogan Square Pharmaceuticals Limited always upholds the dictum: â€Å"Dedicated to advanced technology. The Corporate Slogan Square Group of industries has a common corporate Slogan which is: â€Å"Jibon Bachatey, Jibon Sajatey. † Corporate Focus Square vision, mission and Square objectives are to emphasize on the quality of product, process and services leading to growth of the company imbibed with good governance practices. 2. 4 Goals of the SPL Develop a realistic deposit mobilization plan. Strengthen operation in domestic to increase market share and profitability to offer m ore value to the shareholders offer contract manufacturing facility.Manufacture and market time demanded and international standard pharmaceutical in domestic and export market. Association with global research based pharmaceutical company for marketing or manufacturing their products. 2. 5 Objective of the SPL Square’s objectives are to conduct transparent business operation based on market mechanism within the legal and social frame work with aims to attain the mission reflected by the company’s vision. * Total Commitment to the needs of customers. * To follow the highest ethical standards. * Continuous improvement of all work process. Permanent improvement of all the employees â€Å"Knowledge and Skills†. * Securing the Quality of Products to match the Quality of Service. * Preserving the company’s leading positioning the national market of Pharmaceuticals industry. 2. 6 Corporate Governance Top Management Board of Directors As per provisions of the Ar ticle of Association, Board of Directors holds periodic meetings to resolve issue of policies and strategies, recording minutes/decisions for implementation by the Executive Management. 2. 6. 1 Executive ManagementThe Executive Management is headed by the Managing Director, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) who has been delegated necessary and adequate authority by the Board of Directors. The Executive Management operates through further delegations of authority at every echelon of the line management. The Executive Management is responsible for preparation of segment plans/sub- segment plans for every profit centers with budgetary targets for every item of goods & services and is held accountable for deficiencies with appreciation for exceptional performance.These operations are carried out by the Executive Management through series of committees, sub-committees, adhock committees, standing committees assisting the line management. 2. 7 SQUARE Quality Policy Ensure strict complianc e with WHO CGMP standards and local regulatory norms in every phase of sourcing & procuring quality materials, manufacturing, quality assurance and delivery of medicines. Ensure all activities through documented Quality Management System (QMS) complying International Standard requirements of ISO 9001 through continuously developing Human Resources by regular training and participation.SQUARE is committed to undertake appropriate review, evaluation and performance measurement of processes, business activities and Quality Management System for continual improvement to ensure highest standard, customer satisfaction, developing human resources and company's growth. Business should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights with in their sphere of influence. Make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Business should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining.The elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor. The effective abolition of child labor. Elimination discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Business should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges. Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility. Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Business should work against corruption in all its forms, including exportation and bribery. 2. 8 Business Performance over the Last Few Decades 1958: Debut of Square Pharma as a Partnership Firm. * 1964: Converted into a Private Limited Company. * 1974: Technical Collaboration with Janssen Pharmaceutical, Belgium, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson International, USA. * 1982: Licensing Agreement signed with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Switzerland. * 1985: Achieved first position in the Pharmaceutical Market of Bangladesh among all national and multinational companies. * 1987: Pioneer in pharmaceutical expo rt from Bangladesh. * 1991: Converted in to a Public Limited Company. 1994: Initial Public Offering of Square Pharmaceutical Shares. * 1995: Chemical Division of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. starts production of pharmaceutical bulk products (API). * 1997: Won the National Export trophy for exporting pharmaceuticals. * 1998: Agro-chemicals ; Veterinary Products Division of Square Pharma starts its operation. * 2001: US FDA/UK MCA standard new Pharmaceutical factory goes into operation built under the supervision of Bovis Lend Lease, UK. * 2004: Signing of agreement with ROVIPHARM, Vietnam to manufacture and market Square products under license in Vietnam. 2004: Secured the top position for the best published accounts and report for 2003 in the manufacturing category for transparency and excellence in corporate reporting. * 2005: New State-of- the-Art Square Cephalosporin’s Ltd. goes into operation; built under the supervision of TELSTAR S. A. of Spain as per US FDA/ UK MHRA req uirements. * 2007: Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Dhaka Unit gets the UK MHRA approval. 2. 9 Organ Gram of SPL HRD Chapter-3 Training ; Development Activities Undertaken in Human Resource Department of SPL 3. Human Resource: Practices ;Environment SQUARE, with its progressive business outlook, believes and practices corporate work culture with a classic blend of efficiency and equity. SQUARE believes in company growth by increasing efficiency level of employees and for that offering excellent environment and support for skill and knowledge up gradation. SQUARE values productivity as the spontaneous contribution of Human Resources. Strategic Human Resource Development Programs are the energy sources for SQUARE HR for running towards the zenith of success .Flow of clear and specific information and justification of queries play the vital role to ensure the market reputation of SQUARE as the most trusted and transparent company and it enriches the motivation level of HR who are the real contributors and owners of his/her own jobs. At SQUARE, HRD symbolizes the unique blending of professionalism as well as sharing the stress and success equally like a family where every member has deep concern, feelings and pride for their own company SQUARE.HR ensures the strong supporting role to develop ; implement HR policy guidelines for ensuring uninterrupted operation and spontaneous participation to achieve organizational objective as well as fulfillment of employee needs. HR is maintaining an effective way to deal with labor union and still no unrest has been recorded as dispute Personnel working here are taking care of SQUARE as it is their own family Training ; development: One major function of Human Resource Department is Training and Development .It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviors to enhance the performance of employees. * Optimum Utilization of Human Resour ces –D;T helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the employees to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. * Productivity-The department organizes training that helps in increasing the productivity of the employees that helps the organization further to achieve its long-term goal. Development of skills of employees- Through training and development it helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of employees at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall personality of the employees Team spirit: Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the employees. * Organization Climate: The HRD help building the positive perception and feeling about the organization since the joining of an employee through organizing orientation programs.We also ensure this climate persist s and employees get these feelings from leaders, subordinates, and peers. * Organization Culture: Training and Development helps to develop and improve the organizational health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the organization. * Quality: Through training and development we help in improv9ing upon the quality of work and work-life. * Health work environment: Training and Development helps in creating the healthy worki8ng environment . It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals aligns with organizational goal. Health ; Safety: Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety of the organization thus preventing obsolescence. * Image: D;T try to create a better corporate image through arranging internship and in plant training for the students of different universities. * Employee Development: D;T helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that s uccessful workers and managers usually display. 3. 2 Training and Employee Development in Square SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Training ; Development enables the people to enhance their skills, keep them updated with recent changes. SQUARE offer both on-the-job and off-the- job at both theoretical and practical training opportunities through a range of Local, Regional and International Training programs that include both functional and managerial levels on the basis of Training Need Assessment. Training Need Analysis (TNA) is conducted by Department Heads and Human Resource Department jointly on the basis of job analysis. 3. 2. 1 Management Development TrainingRound the year, management development training is organized for managers ; executives at our Corporate Headquarters, Dhaka Unit ; Pabna Unit. Square had own and renowned resource persons from home ; abroad conduct the training sessions. We also send our employees to renowned local training institutes for specialized training. 3 . 2. 2 Overseas Training Square send their employee to abroad for training program depending on availability of appropriate topics. Technical persons of our factories attend the Factory Assessment Test (FAT) in various parts of the world for smooth operation of equipments. 3. . 3 Field Forces Training ; Development Each year, a significant number of Field Forces complete their induction training program and joined to their respective markets and appear at examination in every month for further development. 3. 2. 4 Field Forces Refresher Course For updating product knowledge and selling skills of field forces, Refresher Course is organized in four different regions in every month. 3. 2. 5 Territory Manager Training Twice in every year, mid-level managers of sales participate in the training program titled â€Å"Sales Territory Management† at a regular basis. 3. 3 Purpose of TrainingIn today market place, it’s given that everyone want increased efficiency, better perform ance a bigger piece of the pie. Yet virtually everyone’s finding this more and more difficult to achieve. May be sheer number of competitors has increased. Perhaps growing price pressure is impacting, or the technology ageing. So, unless the product or service is the only one of its kind, we are looking for an edge, an advantage something special from the major competition. And training is one of the strongest toll through which a specialty can be created. Good training lessens frustration and boredom between supervisor and workers.It contributes to improved human relations and raises morale. The improvement in skills increases productivity and lessens turnover. Employees that the organization needs their support are less likely to leave the firm for another position. Through training organization help make employees more loyal to the company. Training also helps ambitious employees forge ahead in their own careers. On the other hand, Better product increases customer satisfa ction lead to repeat business and large sales. When we develop employees potential these things are vastly related.Training is a leadership activity, which prepares individuals for their own future opportunities. 3. 4 SPL Employee Training Training can involve the changing of employees’ knowledge, skills, attitudes and behavior. It is therefore necessary to ascertain the appropriate requirements of each job in terms of these four factors. Training needs can generally be classified as either individual or group needs. Individual needs may relate to orientation (induction) training, initial (basic) training, remedial training (to correct perceived faults), refresher training (such as in company policy, safety, fire drill) or personal development.Group needs, on the other hand, refer to the need for a number of employees to change their behavior collectively. Examples include team building exercises designed to increase group cohesion or group co-ordination. In addition, types o f training needs can be grouped into the following two categories: Reactive Identify of existing weaknesses and reacting to remedy them. Proactive Preparation of employees to handle anticipated future changes both within and outside the organization. This is a longer-term approach, more oriented towards development. 3. 7 Training Needs AnalysisA Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is a review of learning and development requirements for staff, volunteers and trustees within in your organization. It considers the skills, knowledge and behaviors that you or your staff need, and how to develop them effectively. Techniques for Determining Specific Training Needs There are a number of practical methods which can use to gather data about employees’ performance. Each works well in given circumstances; therefore, we must determine which the best is for employee. None of these methods can stand alone. Always use at least two, if for no other reason to validate your findings.One of those we choose should always be observation. 3. 2 Training Methods Training is a key part of business growth and change. To help ensure that dollars are well spent, a company must choose their training programs wisely. When managing any training process, we recommend that company leaders work closely with functional department heads and Human Resources personnel in following a systematic approach to training. A good system will help attack training problems using a â€Å"rifle† approach, rather than a â€Å"shotgun† approach. The following are five generic steps or phases in the model that we as trainers simply call A.D. D. I. E. Follow these steps to build your training program, and you will increase your chances of assembling an effective program. 3. 3 Analyze Analyzing the need, or performing a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"needs assessment,†Ã‚  is crucial in identifying the information that must be addressed in the program. This is where SPL ask the question,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What do we want o ur employees to get out of the program? †Ã‚  A great way to complete this phase is to perform a â€Å"gap analysis† by comparing current results to the desired performance. Another way to perform this phase is to treat team members as stakeholders in the process, much like it treats customers.Get their help by asking for specifications for the training. After all, they know where they need help†¦ particularly when it comes to delivering a better product or dealing with customers. This analysis is also useful in creating metrics that will help your organization gauge the effectiveness of the training. This phase is where training program objectives begin to take shape. 3. 4 Design Design phase is where we link the needs assessment to the actual creation of new curriculum or the arrangement of existing curricula. This is where we assemble information tied to each program objective.From the needs analysis, we draw the blueprints of the training, based on the customer specifications. Remember, in this context, the customers that we are speaking of are your team members. If we design the training based on their needs, we get a better product. This is also the phase where we begin to think about the operational considerations of the program. Ask the question: How is the delivery of the program going to influence my business operations? The answer to this question will force functional managers to make decisions about how they will change operations in the interim to support the program. . 5 Develop Materials This includes items like, references, info packs, case studies, movies, games, and other visual aids. Remember to keep the information organized and easy to use by both the facilitator and the attendees†¦confusing programs will sabotage your program. This is also a great time to ensure that feedback from previous sessions is included. Make sure that the programs are up to date†¦spice things up by revamping statistical data, and findin g new stories to tell. If the attendees are bored, they will not stay engaged with the facilitator.If attendees are disengaged, they will absorb less knowledge. Keep them engaged with activities such as trivia questions, interactive exercises, and group discussions. 3. 6 Implementation Time for Class! This is when the training actually takes place. Here are a few things to think about: * Practice * Feedback forms * Management/leadership observations and interactions * Facilities management, including room arrangement and equipment * Classroom rules and expectations, including safety and evacuation procedures 3. 7 Evaluate All system outputs are a direct reflection of inputs, processes, and adjustments.The training process is no different. If the outputs of the program are less than desired, then changes to the program may be necessary. Companies should establish a systematic evaluation process to enhance the effectiveness of the training. We feel that the evaluation of the program s hould occur in two phases: 1) immediately after the program, and 2) some period later†¦for instance 6 months. The evaluation performed immediately after the program serves to correct urgent training issues such as incorrect data. This is also the time to concentrate on instructor techniques.The later evaluation determines whether the training enhanced employee and/or company performance. Chapter-4 Conclusion 4. 1 Conclusion Square is now the leading Pharmaceutical Company of Bangladesh and becoming a high performance global player in the field. From its formation to the present day, it has been successful in its endeavors. It provides quality medication and strictly follows all regulations. In Bangladesh over three thousand of people are working here. The medicine of Square is famous in Bangladesh as well as in foreign countries. HR Department of Square is playing a vital role as a corporate strategy maker.Growth of the company depends on hiring, developing, retaining skilled a nd motivating employees. HR Department is continuously hiring skilled people from wide market and thus provides trainings to cope with global challenges. Through various HR activities and training programs they retain talents in the organization, ensure career path for performers to perform more efficiently and effectively to contribute more and more. The Training and Development section of Square Pharmaceutical is always trying to ensure the best training programs for employees at the right time, right place.With the latest facilitated training resources they ensure the most effective training sessions for all level of employees. â€Å"Square Pharmaceuticals Limited† practices a progressive recruitment and selection procedures. HR officers of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited are now expected to work beyond the boundaries of contracts and policies to contribute directly to the operation and success of the Human Resources Department. 4. 2 Appendix LIST OF ABBREVIATION 1. PMD- Pr oduct Management Department. 2. AM – Area Manager. 3. FS- Field Supervisor. 4. TR- Tour Program. 5. DCR- Daily Call Report 6.DSE- Dhaka Stock Exchange. 7. SPL- Square Pharmaceuticals Limited. 8. MRA- Market Research Assistant. 9. MPO- Medical Promotion Officer. 10. SMPO- Senior Medical Promotion Officer. 11. MG- Manager. 12. GM- General Manager. 13. PPO- Product Promotion Officer. 14. SDO- Sales Development Officer. 15. SSDO- Senior Sales Development Officer. 16. TNA- Training Need Analysis. 17. SPO- Sales Promotion Officer. 18. SSPO- Senior Sales Promotion Officer. 19. TM- Territory Manager. 20. MP- Market Promoter. 21. FM- Field Manager. 4. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY: * Annual report (2010-2011), Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd.Written ; Edited by: Accounts ; Finance Department of SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd. * Raymond A. Noe, John R. Hollenbeck, Last Published: 2011, Human Resource Management, 10th edition, Publisher: Irwin/ McGraw-Hill, Boston, Massachusetts. * Dessler Gary, last published : 2011, Human Resource Management, 9th edition, Publisher: Prentice hall, New Jersey. * French L. Wendell, last published: 2011, Human Resource Management, 9th edition, Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. * SQUARE Library Reports, Maintained by: General Service Department. * www. squaregroup. com,2004, SQUARE Informatix Ltd.

Life Cycle Costing Essay

Life cycle costing involves evaluating the costs related to ownership, operation, maintenance and disposal of project facilities. BusinessDictionary. com (2010) defines life cycle costing as the Sum of all recurring and one-time (non-recurring) costs over the full life span or a specified period of a good, service, structure, or system. It includes purchase price, installation cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs, and remaining (residual or salvage) value at the end of ownership or its useful life. Non-recurring costs include procurement, implementation and acceptance, initial training, documentation, facilities, transition from the suppliers, changes to business processes and the withdrawal from service and disposal. The recurring costs include retraining, operating costs, service charges, contract and supplier management costs, changing volumes, cost of changes, downtime, maintenance and repair, transport and handling (Sieglinde, 2009). The life cycle tools are used to assess the processes of production, manufacturing, distribution and the disposal of the end and by-products. It also includes the transportation of the products from the manufacturer to the consumers. The results of life cycle costing are used to make decisions about the best options to adopt when producing different products. The tool is more accurate as the project begins and the accuracy reduces as the project proceeds in the future. Life cycle costing is important because it evaluates the total costs of ownership. It also provides a guideline as to the most efficient processes of acquisition and support funding to a project (Sieglinde, 2009). The various approaches to life cycle accounting  Life cycle accounting looks at the entire value chain of a product on cost basis. The technique does not evaluate the production process but also looks into the costs associated with the research and developmental phases of the product from the beginning to the end. Life cycle accounting evaluates the cost of a product before it enters the production process until it is finally transported to the customers. However, life cycle costing is not applicable to financial reporting since it is not consistent with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). From a planning point of view, life cycle accounting is the best tool for managers. Product managers use the tools of life cycle costing throughout the product life cycle. Costs are calculated from the point of entry of the products up to the point where no more products are made. The total costs of production are then divided by the number of units produced to obtain the unit costs. The managers are able to get the actual costs of a product produced, thus, they can adjust and design the products according to the prevailing conditions. Life cycle costing is applicable when the product is being designed or in the pre-design stages. The management cannot obtain the actual life-cycle costs when the products are already in the market (Bradford, 2008). The methodology of life cycle costing is based on the idea that the purchasing decisions are made through evaluation of all available options. All expenditures related to a decision are addressed. The complexity of the life cycle costing is determined by how complex the goods and services produced by the organization are. The fundamental concepts applicable in life cycle costing are cost breakdown structure, cost estimating, discounting and inflation (Mearig, Coffee & Morgan, 1999). Cost breakdown structures vary depending on the complexity of the purchasing decisions. All cost elements which are relevant to the purchasing decisions are considered. Boundaries are determined to avoid omission or duplication of some elements. All cost elements relevant to the purchasing options are considered. All cost elements are well defined so that all people involved can understand the components used. The costs should be broken down to analyze the specific areas (Ehlen1, 1997). Cost estimating involves calculating the costs of each category. This can be determined through the known factors or rates, cost estimating relationships and expert opinion. The known rates are the inputs with known accuracy. For example, if the cost and quantity of production per unit are known, the cost of procurement can be estimated. Cost estimating relationships are generated from historical data. Expert opinion is used to support the data when real data cannot be obtained. Assumptions are included in the expert opinion as well as rationale to support the opinions provided in the data (Sieglinde, 2009). The process of discounting compares the costs and benefits occurring in different periods of time. The concept of discounting is based on time value of money, that is, people prefer receiving goods purchased now than later. Time preference for money causes people to request for supplies immediately after purchasing rather than delaying. All the future costs must be adjusted to their present costs when evaluating the time of receiving purchases ordered. The discount rates differ with the organization. Common discount rates should be applied throughout the industry to avoid bias. Inflation causes the prices of products to fluctuate and should be considered when evaluating the actual life cycle cost of a product (Sieglinde, 2009). Life cycle costing is important because it helps evaluate the competing options when purchasing products. Decisions to enter into contracts by the management are made by the use of the tools of life cycle costing. The management evaluates the various proposals about the best options to adopt. Another importance of the life cycle costing is that it improves awareness about the total costs of production. The management is able to understand the factors that cause costs as well as the resources to be used when purchasing products. The cost drivers enable the management identify the most effective strategies of purchasing products. The knowledge about the cost drivers helps the management identify the most beneficial areas of production to guarantee investing the resources of the organization (Ehlen1, 1997). The third benefit of life cycle costing is the improved accuracy in forecasting the cost profiles. The managers can estimate the full costs associated with procurement of certain products. Decision making about the major investments is easily made through the life cycle costing. The forecasting of future expenditures is accurately done with the use of the tools. Lastly, the management can be able to trade-off performance against cost by the use of life cycle tools. When purchasing, cost is not the only factor to consider. The management must consider the performance of the items being purchased. The decision makers must consider both the costs and performance of the items being purchased by the organization (Mearig, Coffee & Morgan, 1999). Life cycle costing helps to assess better the effectiveness of planning by comparing actual with budgeted life cycle costs as well as the distribution of those costs. The management is able to determine the deviations in performance of different departments. It also enhances the management to make better pricing decisions since all the costs attached to a particular product are evaluated. The tools of life cycle costing help improve the assessment of product profitability. The costs are compared with the actual amounts obtained from the production process. The costing strategies provide information about the revenues and costs associated with a particular unit of a product. It also helps in the design of more environmentally desirable products (Sieglinde, 2009). Identify how environmental issues may be integrated into life cycle costing methods  The process of life cycle costing evaluates and investigates the environmental impacts of products that are caused by their existence. The life cycle assessment compares the environmental and social impacts that can be assigned to products and services. The products with the least burden are chosen for production. The life cycle methods are used to evaluate the effects of technology on the production of goods and services. The methods of life cycle costing also provide with tools for evaluating the measuring the effects of technologies on the delivery of products. The process of manufacturing the products has some impacts on the environment. The life cycle costing evaluates the amount of wastes released to the environment at a given period of time. The ISO 14000 provides standards for environmental management. Life cycle assessment is contained in the ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006. There are four main phases of life cycle assessment. The first step involves specification and formulation of the goals and scope of the study (Ehlen1, 1997). The life cycle costing procedures help the management integrate the environmental factors to the activities of the organization. The development of products requires the exploitation of raw materials. The process of converting the raw materials to more useful products creates some impacts to the environment. The management must be aware of the various environmental impacts of the products being produced by the organization. There are various lobby groups which influence the strategies to be adopted by the organizations. Contravening to the rules of the environmental groups may bring conflicts which may lead to the closure of the business (Mearig, Coffee & Morgan, 1999). There are laws established by various governments concerning the manufacture, distribution and disposal of products. The government controls the distribution of products to ensure all people obtain goods and services. To discourage concentration of businesses in one region the government has established polices to attract investment in the remote regions. The life cycle costing determines the distribution channels to be used by the organization. The cheapest mode of distribution should be chosen even though various factors will have to be considered. The suppliers to be involved in the distribution should be reliable to ensure timely delivery of products and to provide with quality products. The business environment is composed of various participants and the organization should integrate all factors to ensure the interests of all the people affected by the activities of the organization are adhered to (Sieglinde, 2009). The process of manufacturing process involves the conversion of the raw materials to the final products for the resale to the consumers. The management should ensure the process does not pollute the environment. Emission of poisonous end-products should be controlled to ensure the organization does not contravene to environmental standards. Various standards have been created to ensure that proper components are used in the manufacturing process (Mearig, Coffee & Morgan, 1999). The consumers are the end users of the products and their interests should be considered. The life cycle of the product should consider the health standards of the products being produced. The manufacturing process should be done in a clean environment to avoid contamination of the products with substances which may affect the consumers. The government has established standards to control and protect the consumers against unscrupulous business people (Ehlen1, 1997). The employees manufacturing the products should be protected from harmful substance. A conducive environment should be created for employees to work in. To ensure the safety of the employees the organization should ensure the employees are protected from all hazards. The image of the company is affected by the environment in which the employees work in. Fifth, life cycle cost analysis is argued to facilitate an understanding of the environmental impact of products from development through manufacture, distribution, customer use, disposal and potential recycling (Mearig, Coffee & Morgan, 1999).